art Essays (225 words) - Jesus In Art, Christian Art, Madonna

Giotto was an Italian painter and draftsman from Florence in the late medieval times. He is commonly viewed as the first in a line of incredible craftsmen who added to the Italian Renaissance. Madonna Enthroned is an oil painting on gum based paint on board painted by Giotto in 13 century. It is a medium measured painting at 325x204 cm. The most punctual predictable portrayals of Mother and Child were created in the Eastern Empire, where a renegade strain in culture that dismissed physical portrayals as icons. The estimations of the current timespan from them till now are very little extraordinary between Christian mothers and kids. The substance or significance made by the connection among structure and topic is unmistakably Christian. The kid on her lap in this canvas has an intense face gaze similarly as the mother does. Demonstrating how genuine and restrained it was in those occasions among mother and youngster. The prophets in the artistic creation are encompassing the mother and kid and gazing toward the two prophets holding crowns. They appear to nearly be turning upward in supplication. There are two heavenly attendants stooping at the base of the seat. The holy messengers show how blessed and consecrated the mother and youngster are together. The blessed messengers are ensuring and looking out for. I see fairness in this canvas and I likewise observe distinction and respect.

Culture and Health Attitudes Free Essays

US and China Health Attitudes PSYC3540 Culture, Ethnicity, and Diversity U05a1 Culture and Health Attitudes Capella University November, 2012 United States and China Health Attitudes Although each culture has distinctive conviction of being solid, they all offer a similar definition. As indicated by Mastsumoto and Juang (2013) sound is characterized as, â€Å"a condition of complete physical, mental, and social prosperity not simply the nonappearance of ailments or infirmity† (p. 180). We will compose a custom exposition test on Culture and Health Attitudes or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now Not exclusively do it takes truly, intellectually, and socially prosperity however infections liberated to be delegated solid in all societies. The United States and the China culture share numerous distinctions and similitudes with regards to the conviction of being solid. As of late, there was a meeting between a quarter century old Chinese young lady and me. This young lady claimed her own business. She was brought up in China yet moved to the United States when she turned twenty years of age. She revealed to me she discovered that China and the United States share numerous distinctions and similitudes toward being sound. The Chinese young lady let me know in the met in China, they for the most part have confidence in the guideline of yin and yang to be solid. As indicated by the Wikipedia Encyclopedia (2012), â€Å"The idea of yin and yang is likewise pertinent to the human body; for instance, the upper piece of the body and the back are relegated to yang which is cold nourishments, while the lower portions of the body are accepted to have the yin character which is hot food sources. Yin and yang portrayal additionally reaches out to the different body capacities, and †all the more critically †to sickness manifestations (e. g. , cold and warmth sensations are thought to be yin and yang side effects, individually). † Yin and yang is the thing that Chinese individuals use as a harmony among great and awful wellbeing. They accept that irregularity of yin or yang is the thing that prompts unexpected frailty. For instance, if an individual eats a lot of yin, which may be zesty nourishments, they are informed that the yin made them have unexpected weakness; this individual sure beverages some home grown teas to adjust the person in question back to great wellbeing. Despite the fact that China has confidence healthy, there are a great deal of psychological wellness individuals there. The Chinese young lady additionally revealed to me that there are many individuals in China that have psychological wellness issues †more than millions. The greater part of the emotional wellness issues are because of sorrow. There are a ton of emotional well-being patients in China that endeavors self destruction. As indicated by Li, Philips, and Cohen (2012), â€Å"More ladies endeavor self destruction than men. The most incessant reasons for the endeavors were relational clash (87%), mental issues (33%), and strife between others that influenced the subject (27%)† (para 1). The Chinese young lady said the primary driver of the ladies endeavoring self destruction is because of relational clash, mental issues, and struggle with the others. There are no answers for the psychological wellness issues in China. In addition to the fact that they have emotional well-being issues interminable infections. China is known to have more incessant sicknesses than some other illnesses. The Chinese young lady disclosed to me they are known to have a high danger of cardiovascular sicknesses, interminable respiratory infection, and disease. Rundown incessant ailments currently represent an expected 80% of passings and 70% of inability balanced life-years lost in China (Longde, Lingzhi, Fan, Yamin, and Burton, 2005). The ceaseless sicknesses demise and the inability balanced life-years lost are exceptionally high in China. The constant infections are generally identified with hypertension and tobacco utilized. A large portion of these individuals that kick the bucket from incessant sicknesses are moderately aged individuals. The Chinese young lady discussed how the Chinese uses the yin and yang to finding ceaseless illnesses. She additionally expressed they utilize natural to attempt to fix these interminable infections. I told the Chinese young lady dissimilar to China, the United States likewise have a hypothesis they use to get solid. I revealed to her the United States put stock in the impact of the biomedical model of wellbeing. The biomedical model of wellbeing is the place the specialists take a gander at parts of the body to make sense of what's going on with the body and fix it (Helman, 1991). A case of biomedical model of wellbeing would be an individual setting off to the specialist since the individual is having chest torment. In the first place, the specialist will do a x-beam on the chest. Also, the specialist will determination from the x-beam of the individual had a chest or a respiratory failure. Last, the specialist will give the individual some medication to fix their chest torment. Psychological wellness is more typical in the United States than in China. The Chinese young lady expressed that she read that more than twenty million individuals in the United State have emotional well-being (Manderscheid and Henderson, 2004); which is more than China. The period of psychological well-being patients in the United States is more than 18. Despite the fact that, in the United Sates, most ladies experience the ill effects of psychological well-being than men, mental isn't because of wretchedness of endeavor self destruction yet despondency of disposition issue. There is no solution for psychological wellness issues in the United States. Not exclusively is the United States basic known for psychological well-being issues yet additionally illnesses that lead to death. I told the young lady in the meeting that the United States three demise sicknesses are coronary illness, disease, and stroke. Coronary illness is the main driving demise in the United States. Coronary illness happens generally in men than ladies; it is for the most part in more established individuals (Fang, Kate, and Nora, 2011). Heart illnesses are for the most part could by smoking and not practicing good eating habits. To cut the coronary illness status, an individual should work out, don't smoke or quit smoking, and eat the correct nourishments, for example, foods grown from the ground. Malignant growth is the second driving passing in the United States. As indicated by Klabunde, Brown, Ballard-Barbash, White, Thompson, Plescia, King, (2012), â€Å"Each year, roughly 350,000 people are determined to have bosom, cervical, or colorectal malignant growth in the United States, and about 100,000 bite the dust from these diseases† (para. 1). There are more than twenty-five percent of individuals in the United States determined to have disease. The reason for most malignancies is obscure. There is no fix of malignant growth. Stroke is the third driving demise in the United States. Tooth, Kate, M. what's more, Mary (2012) expressed that more than 50% of the United States has been determined to have a stroke. Stroke is known to be cause by hypertension, stress, elevated cholesterol, and smoke. The fixes to be without stroke is to work out, eat healthy, and don't smoke. Taking everything into account, the met between the Chinese young lady and I was to help understand that there are a great deal of contrasts and likenesses of being sound in each culture. China and the United States have speculations of being sound; they simply have various hypotheses †China hypothesis is called yin and yang while the United States hypothesis is called biomedical model of wellbeing. Both China and the United States have mental issues; the United States simply have more. Another case of the way of life likenesses are the two of them have maladies that cause demise, for example, coronary illness and malignant growth. Reference Fang, J. , Kate, M. S. , Nora, L. K. (2011). Pervasiveness of coronary illness †US, 2006-2010. (). Atlanta, United States, Atlanta: U. S. Community for Disease Control. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/903302820? accountid=27965 Fang, J. , Kate, M. S. , Mary, G. G. (2012). Pervasiveness of stroke †US, 2006-2010. (). Atlanta, United States, Atlanta: U. S. Community for Disease Control. Recovered from ttp://search. proquest. com/docview/1020131364? accountid=27965 Helman, C. G. (1991). Cutoff points of biomedical clarification. Lancet, 337(8749), 1080. Klabunde, C. N. , PhD. , Brown, M. , Ballard-Barbash, R. , White, M. C. , ScD. , Thompson, T. , Plescia, M. , King, S. C. , M. D. (2012). Malignancy screening †US, 2010. (). Atlanta, United States, Atlanta: U. S. Community for Disease Control. Recov ered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/922348301? accountid=27965 Manderscheid, R. W. , Henderson, M. J. (2004). Emotional well-being, US, 2002 official ummary. Organization and Policy in Mental Health, 32(1), 49-49. Recovered from http://search. proquest. com/docview/211057805? accountid=27965 Matsumoto, D. , Juang, L. (2013). Culture and brain science (fifth ed. ). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Li, X. , Phillips, M. R. , Cohen, A. (2012). Indepth interviews with 244 female self destruction attempters and their partners in northern china: Understanding the procedure and reasons for the endeavor. Emergency: The Journal Of Crisis Intervention And Suicide Prevention, 33(2), 66-72. doi:10. 1027/0227-5910/a000108 Longde, W. , Lingzhi, K. , Fan, W. , Yamin, B. , Burton, R. (2005). Forestalling interminable maladies in China. Lancet, 366(9499), 1821-1824. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(05)67344-8 Traditional Chinese medication. (2012). In Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. Recovered November 8, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. organization/w/file. php? title= Traditional_ Chinese_medicineoldid=521839625 Zheng, S. , Song, M. , Wu, L. , Yang, S. , Shen, J. , Lu, X. Wang, W. (2010). China: Public wellbeing genomics. General Health Genomics, 13(5), 269-275. doi: http://dx. doi. organization/10. 1159/000240969 Step by step instructions to refer to Culture and Health Attitudes, Essay models

My Mom Was That Mom On College Tours

My Mom Was That Mom On College Tours You all know who Im talking about-that mom who just cant seem to keep her mouth shut on a college tour; the one that asks questions about each building; the one who makes cheesy (and sometimes horribly embarrassing) jokes. One time, I even heard a mom ask, WHERE ARE ALL THE BOYS?!  Cant stand them, right? Gif from Giphy.com Well, that was my mom. But heres the thing Odds are, you will never see any of the people from your college tour ever again. The questions shes asking are probably extremely important, and you wouldnt think to ask them yourself. The  tour guide actually enjoys the enthusiasm. In total, I went on seven campus tours, and my mom was loud, energetic, and asked questions at every single one. Her questions ranged from How are the dorms? to Wheres the closest hospital? But after awhile I realized that she wasnt trying to  be embarrassing; she was really just as nervous for the college adjustment  as I was. Photo by Rachel Hernandez And while I was too nervous to speak up and ask what I really wanted to know from my tour guide, my mom always had my back. All of her excitement for me was shown through her extensive list of questions.  Eventually, it got to the point where I embraced it because moms know best. Rachel Class of 2020 I am studying Middle Grades Education with concentrations in Social Sciences and Literacy in the College of Education. Although I now reside in Champaign, I am originally from Vernon Hills, a Northwest suburb of Chicago.

Orson Welles Use of Long Shots - 832 Words

Orson Welles, Hollywood’s boy genius, brought his innovative approach which has, as Andre Bazin states in Orson Welles: A Critical View: â€Å"shaken the edifices of cinematic traditions†. One of the formal characteristics that he is most well known for is the use of long takes. Although the use of long takes was already established in film, as many of the first films had no edits, Welles incorporated long takes effectively in his films to overload scenes with activity adding more dramatic tension. The films that his formal characteristic stands out the strongest are two of his more popular films Citizen Kane and Touch of Evil. Orson Welles’ theatrical background and his love for painting are probably the greatest contributions to his†¦show more content†¦The car later explodes off screen giving the audience dramatic relief while at the same time robbing them of a visual explosion. Orson Welles’ use of long shot allows him to pack the screen with action and give the audience the illusion of freedom to follow what they want in a scene making the audience being more invested because they believe they found out the conflict on their own. Through this illusion he is able to add more dramatic tension and dramatic irony to his work making it rich in content and catharsis as he did in Citizen Kane and Touch of Evil. Works Cited Bazin, Andrà ©. Orson Welles: A Critical View. New York: Harper Row, 1978. Print. Citizen Kane. Dir. Orson Welles. Perf. Orson Welles, Joseph Cotten, Dorothy Comingore. Released by RKO Radio Pictures, 1941. Riedlinger, Michael C. Orson Welles - Painter. Senses of Cinema. 30 Dec. 2009. Web. 24 Apr. 2012. . Rosenbaum, Jonathan. Discovering Orson Welles. Berkeley: University of California, 2007. Print. Touch of Evil. Dir. Orson Welles. Perf. Orson Welles. Universal Pictures Co.,Show MoreRelated Orson Welles in Citizen Kane Essay542 Words   |  3 PagesOrson Welles in Citizen Kane Orson Welles produced, directed and starred in Citizen Kane, the classic masterpiece which communicates its original narrative through ground-breaking cinematography, lighting, music, setting, sound and performances. The film has underlying symbols in every single shot, and uses innumerable cinematic devices to convey meaning. One of the many implications Citizen Kane makes is strongly embodied in the sequence of Kane and his wife SusanRead MoreOrson And Citizen Kane, Touch Of Evil, And Othello, Make Him A Great Auteur? Essay2317 Words   |  10 Pages201300566 History of film paper: Topic: Orson welles Question: How do the formalistic and ideological patterns found in Orson Welles’s movies; Citizen Kane, Touch of Evil, and Othello, make him a great auteur? Outline: †¢ 1. Orson Welles (Biography and 3 films) †¢ 2. Formalistic patterns: âž ¢ Mise en Scene in each film âž ¢ Editing in each film †¢ 3. Ideological patterns (in each film) †¢ 4. Orson Welles as an Auteur 1. Orson Welles: Biography: Orson Welles was born on the 6th of May in 1915 andRead MoreHistorical Analysis of the Movie, Citizen Kane Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesMovement Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles, was an exemplary and ground-breaking work. In narrative structure and film style, Welles challenged classical Hollywood conventions and opened a path for experimentation in the later 1940s. Gregg Toland’s deep-focus cinematography and Welles’ use of low-key lighting are often discussed aspects of the movie. True, these were areas of innovation, but when watching the movie in class I was particularly struck by the use of camera movement, or â€Å"mobile framing†Read More Hello, My Name Is Orson Welles Essay1578 Words   |  7 Pages Hello, My Name Is Orson Welles nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Orson Welles liked to reuse certain elements throughout his films. He liked a good deep focus shot. He liked low key lighting. He liked the grotesque side of life, blocking actors in groups of three, low camera angles and especially pointy bras. He also liked to open his movies in a certain predictable way. In Citizen Kane, he used the announcer in quot;News on the Marchquot; to introduce the subject and main character, Charles FosterRead MoreOrson Welles s Citizen Kane994 Words   |  4 PagesOrson Welles’s Citizen Kane (1941) is known as one of the most innovative and highly rated films of all time. Welles and his cinematographer, Gregg Toland, were among the first filmmakers to use deep-focus photography for significant portions of the film rather than using the more classic medium and close up shots. Welles and Toland also used unconventional filming methods, such as â€Å"high contrast, unusual camera angles, and the use of shafts of light† (Cagle, Dombrowski and Ramaeker), which createdRead MoreOrson s Citizen Kane : The Blackmail Scene1270 Words   |  6 PagesRebecca McKenney Introduction to Cinema Mr. Leigh 30 October 2017 Orson Well’s Citizen Kane: The Blackmail Scene â€Å"â€Å"There’s only one person in the world to decide what I’m going to do – and that’s me.†Ã¢â‚¬  – Charles Foster Kane from Citizen Kane Script by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Orson Welles. Orson Welles’ 1941 classic, Citizen Kane, tells the story of a man named Charles Foster Kane. The turning point of the film is where Jim Gettys attempts to blackmail Kane. The scene demonstratesRead MoreAnalysis Of Orson Welles And Herman Mankiewicz925 Words   |  4 PagesHowever, the making of its fame was rather rough. Orson Welles and Herman Mankiewicz were the screenwriters for this movie, Welles was the leading director; therefore, he had the final saying in the contributions to the movie. Both writers worked separately when developing the story, only having the main character defined: Charles Foster Kane -it is pertinent to say that I think Foster is supposed to be ironic considering his morose childhood-. Welles had a rough childhood, which is portrayed in theRead MoreCitizen Kane Analysis2693 Words   |  11 Pages Orson Welles Citizen Kane Success the first time around is very uncommon. Orson Welless first feature film richly realizes the full potential of excellent craftsmanship. Citizen Kane is almost indisputably the greatest achievement in the history of filming. In 1941, this film was considered by many as the best film ever made. This film is about the enormous conflict between two twentieth-century icons, publisher William Randolph Hearst and the prodigy of his time, Orson Welles. The ratherRead MoreEssay about Orson Welles The Magnificent Ambersons2346 Words   |  10 Pagesexchanging ideas and information, and it is no more at its best in light entertainment than literature is at its best in the light novel.† - Orson Welles Orson Welles was passionate about film. By the young age of 25, he had directed, produced, and starred in what is today considered by most to be the greatest movie ever made, Citizen Kane. About a year later, Welles began work on his next film project, The Magnificent Ambersons. Based on the novel of the same name by Booth Tarkington, The MagnificentRead MoreThe Film Citizen Kane : A Film Of All Time, And Director Orson Welles1425 Words   |  6 Pagescalled the 1941 film Citizen Kane one of the best movies of all time, and director Orson Welles’s direction is largely to thank for the work’s accolades. Citizen Kane is famous for its use of long shots, deep staging, deep focus, and, as will be considered in this paper, its lighting practices. Welles strategically lights his characters in order to develop them throughout the film; this paper will focus on three shots that show Jerry Thompson (William Alland) develop from functioning as a narrative

The Goals And Motivating And Leading Employees - 1089 Words

English novelist, Thomas Hardy, said, â€Å"Good business leaders create a vision, articulate the vision, passionately own the vision, and relentlessly drive it to completion† (quotesgram.com). The organization I currently work for has placed a career path ahead of me filled with great personal and professional opportunity, however it will be a new road for me with a steep learning curve. The article, Social Organizations by Robert Prodanciuc highlights bureaucracy and organizational development, leadership, and employee development as they hey areas I have also come to recognize as the challenges I will face while achieving organizational goals and motivating and leading employees. Presently I am the HR Generalist and Payroll Manager for my†¦show more content†¦Prodanciuc highlights the importance of bureaucracy to the planning and rationality of activities and organizational structure (2012, p. 208), while also pointing out the risks of such structures by reducing decision making and resulting in rule breaking and replacement of organizational goals with personal ones. On my current career path I have encountered the issue of delayed decision making as a result of an overly bureaucratic process. As the OD Manager, it will be my role to keep the leadership team on task and ensure that decisions are made and issues are discussed, thereby not delaying the goals or unintentionally impacting the direction of the organization. Furthermore, Prodanciuc defines the bureaucracy of the organization as the labor, rules and regulations, documents, administrative aspects of HR, which would also fall under my scope. If these processes are not working effectively or efficiently it could be impacting the goals or wellbeing of the organization and it would fall to me to analyze the process and make changes as needed. Effective leadership is necessary to keep the bureaucratic process of theShow MoreRelatedLeadership And Management Vs. Christian Worldview833 Words   |  4 Pagesable to open their hearts to their employees and help them find what they are missing in their lives. This paper will cover what leadership and management are and the difference and similarities between them and how they correlate to the Christian worldview. Leadership Leadership is about being proactive and having the initiative to implement strategies, being able to manage change, building relationships with employees and being able to influence employees in a way that meets the organization’sRead MoreImportance of Motivation in the Workplace1640 Words   |  7 Pageson the job behaviors of the employees. Introduction The precise reason why the contemporary organizations are relying heavily on the motivated workforce is the fact that unless the organizations are completely aware of the motivational chemistry of the workforce there will experience a poor administration and perhaps the performance management system of the organization will be a complete or partial failure (Kumar 2011). It is due to the motivation of the employees that the distance between theRead MoreThe Origin Of Old Town White Coffee1565 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"OLDTOWN† brand name. In 2005, the company decided to expand vertically into the food services industry about encapsulating the traditional Ipoh coffee shop. â€Æ' Old Town Kopitiam’s Vision Statement Their vision statement is to be Asia Pacific’s leading white coffee brand, providing high quality products and Unique Malaysian Taste to customers worldwide. Old Town Kopitiam’s Mission Statement People: We believe that our people are our assets. We appreciate our people as those who grow with us andRead MoreAnalyzing The Article Of Prodancius ( 2012 ) On How One Sees His Career Path Supporting An Organization Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesan organization while motivating and leading employees to be a high performance team, it appears that the author chose seven scholars (authors) to present their thoughts on the importance of studying an organization. Therefore, getting a deep knowledge of what an organization should be, through its definition, its structure composed by effective communication, effective coordination, speed and responsiveness and empowerment of the employees, as well as its functions, its goals, and its environmentRead MoreExtrinsic Motivation And Intrinsic Motivation917 Words   |  4 Pagesvariety, task identity, as well as a high level of task significance. The five employees working at our charitable agency have the ability to affect the lives of many families, and even the ability to change people’s lives and get them the help that they need. Our agency has the ability to affect the lives of other people in a positive way, which leads to intrinsic motivation. Intrinsic motivation occurs when the employees have positive internal feelings that are generated by doing well, rather thanRead MoreThe 4 Functions Of Managements At J. Crews875 Words   |  4 PagesPlanning: This management performance of Janna Lyons are about â€Å"setting organizational goals† and â€Å"developing strategies to reach those goals† (Nickels, 2016, p. 187). In terms of establishing the company’s goals, Jenna Lyons redirect the goals of J. Crew to be making â€Å"J.Crew fashionable again† and creating â€Å"a coherent brand that would drive the business forward† (Nickels, 2016, p. 211). In order to achieve those goals, s he applied the strategies: implementing â€Å"a new company structure† and unifying â€Å"everyRead MoreThe Production Manager For A Produce Processing Facility1370 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement. He explained his daily responsibilities and his long term goals, and gave me an overall perspective as manager in a manufacturing facility. The functions of management are essential guidelines for any manager like him to perform his duties adequately and achieve the organization’s goals. An organization’s manager should be able to carry out successfully the specific functions of management: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling to accomplish the mission of the organization. PlanningRead MoreInternal and External Factors1059 Words   |  5 Pagesother is subject to the four basic functions of management. The four functions of managing any company or field are: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. These functions are not necessarily kept in a certain order but must be followed in order to effectively operate a business. A manager’s planning step must keep high level long term goals and a company’s mission statement in mind. The manager must keep the big picture in mind when analyzing the current situation, anticipating theRead MoreLeadership And Performance Excellence And Organizational Performance1226 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s competitive marketplace, understanding what develops and moves employees to be motivated and, create an environment that has leadership excellence and organizational performance is critical. Leadership studies have evolved overtime, many theories, studies, best practices, case studies and resources about leadership performance, and motivational tools for leaders to create an environment/cultural in the modern work place have been utilized. What skills do today’s leader need to move theRead MoreMy Position And Responsibilities Of The Long Term Care Community1384 Words   |  6 Pagesself-confidence and motivating people to deliver the vision. The areas that I needed to work on are: being a good role model, managing performance effectively, and providing support and stimulation. I scored 8 of 10 on positive attitude and outlook, emotional intelligence and providing a compelling vision of the future. I expressed that I was a bit disappointed to see myself scoring low on being a good role model as I considered myself one. In my current position, I lead by example. Leading by example has

Lamb to the Slaughter Free Essays

string(102) " violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped to bring her out of the shock\." LAMB TO THE SLAUGHTER by ROALD DAHL The room was warm, the curtains were closed, the two table lamps were lit. On the cupboard behind her there were two glasses and some drinks. Mary Maloney was waiting for her husband to come home from work. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb to the Slaughter or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now and again she glanced at the clock, but without anxiety: She merely wanted to satisfy herself that each minute that went by made it nearer the time when he would come home. As she bent over her sewing, she was curiously peaceful. This was her sixth month expecting a child. Her mouth and her eyes, with their new calm look, seemed larger and darker than before. When the clock said ten minutes to five, she began to listen, and a few moments later, punctually as always, she heard the car tires on the stones outside, the car door closing, footsteps passing the window, the key turning in the lock. She stood up and went forward to kiss him as he entered. â€Å"Hello, darling,† she said. â€Å"Hello,† he answered. She took his coat and hung it up. Then she made the drinks, a strong one for him and a weak one for herself; and soon she was back again in her chair with the sewing, and he was in the other chair, holding the tall glass, rolling it gently so that the ice knocked musically against the side of the glass. For her, this was always a wonderful time of day. She knew he didn’t want to speak much until the first drink was finished, and she was satisfied to sit quietly, enjoying his company after the long hours alone in the house. She loved the warmth that came out of him when they were alone together. She loved the shape of his mouth, and she especially liked the way he didn’t complain about being tired. â€Å"Tired, darling? † â€Å"Yes,† he sighed. â€Å"I’m thoroughly exhausted. And as he spoke, he did an unusual thing. He lifted his glass and drank it down in one swallow although there was still half of it left. He got up and went slowly to get himself another drink. â€Å"I’ll get it! † she cried, jumping up. â€Å"Sit down,† he said. When he came back, she noticed that the new drink was a very strong one. She watched him as he began to drink. â€Å"I think it’s a shame,† she said, â€Å"that when someone’s been a policeman as long as you have, he still has to walk around all day long. † He didn’t answer. â€Å"Darling,† she said,† If you’re too tired to eat out tonight, as we had planned, I can fix you something. There’s plenty of meat and stuff in the freezer. † Her eyes waited to an answer, a smile, a nod, but he made no sign. Anyway,† she went on. â€Å"I’ll get you some bread and cheese. † â€Å"I don’t want it,† he said. She moved uneasily in her chair. â€Å"But you have to have supper. I can easily fix you something. I’d like to do it. We can have lamb. Anything you want. Everything’s in the freezer. † â€Å"Forget it,† he said. â€Å"But, darling, you have to eat! I’ll do it anyway, and then you can have it or not, as you like. † She stood up and put placed her sewing on the table by the lamp. â€Å"Sit down,† he said. â€Å"Just for a minute, sit down. † It wasn’t until then that she began to get frightened. â€Å"Go on,† he said. â€Å"Sit down. She lowered herself into the chair, watching him all the time with large, puzzled eyes. He had finished his second drink and was staring into the glass. â€Å"Listen,† he said. â€Å"I’ve got something to tell you. † â€Å"What is it, darling? What’s the matter? † He became absolutely motionless, and he kept his head down. â€Å"This is going to be a big shock to you, I’m afraid,† he said. â€Å"But I’ve thought about it a good deal and I’ve decided that the only thing to do is to tell you immediately. † And he told her. It didn’t take long, four or five minutes at most, and she sat still through it all, watching him with puzzled horror. So there it is,† he added. â€Å"And I know it’s a tough time to be telling you this, but there simply wasn’t any other way. Of course, I’ll give you money and see that you’re taken care of. But there really shouldn’t be any problem. I hope not, in any case. It wouldn’t be very good for my job. † Her first instinct was not to believe any of it. She thought that perhaps she’d imagined the whole thing. Perhaps, if she acted as though she had not heard him, she would find out that none of it had ever happened. â€Å"I’ll fix some supper,† she whispered. When she walked across the room, she couldn’t feel her feet touching the floor. She couldn’t feel anything except a slight sickness. She did everything without thinking. She went downstairs to the freezer and took hold of the first object she found. She lifted it out, and looked at it. It was wrapped in paper, so she took off the paper and looked at again — a leg of lamb. All right, then, they would have lamb for supper. She carried it upstairs, held the thin end with both her hands. She went into the living room, saw him standing by the window with his back to her, and stopped. I’ve already told you,† he said. â€Å"Don’t make supper for me. I’m going out. † At that point, Mary Maloney simply walked up behind him and without any pause, she swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could on the back of his head. She might as well have hit him with a steel bar. She stepped back, waiting, a nd the strange thing was that he remained standing there for at least four or five seconds. Then he crashed onto the carpet. The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped to bring her out of the shock. You read "Lamb to the Slaughter" in category "Papers" She came out slowly, feeling cold and surprised, and she stood for a few minutes, looking at the body, still holding the piece of meat tightly with both hands. All right, she told herself. So I’ve killed him. It was extraordinary, now, how clear her mind became all of a sudden. She began thinking very fast. As the wife of a detective, she knew what the punishment would be. It made no difference to her. In fact, it would be a relief. On the other hand, what about the baby? What were the laws about murderers with unborn children? Did they kill them both — mother and child? Did they wait until the baby was born? What did they do? Mary Maloney didn’t know and she wasn’t prepared to take a chance. She carried the meat into the kitchen, put it into a pan, turned on the oven, and put the pan inside. Then she washed her hands, ran upstairs, sat down in front of the mirror, fixed her makeup, and tried to smile. The smile was rather peculiar. She tried again. â€Å"Hello, Sam† she said brightly, aloud. The voice sounded peculiar, too. â€Å"I want some potatoes, Sam. Yes, and perhaps a can of bean. s. † That was better. Both the smile and the voice sounded better now. She practiced them several times more. Then she ran downstairs, took her coat, and went out the back door, through the garden into the street. It wasn’t six o’clock yet and the lights were still on in the neighborhood grocery. â€Å"Hello, Sam,† she said brightly, smiling at the man in the shop. â€Å"Good evening, Mrs. Maloney. How are you? † â€Å"I want some potatoes, please, Sam. Yes, and perhaps a can of beans, too. Patrick’s decided he’s tired and he doesn’t want to eat out tonight,† she told him. â€Å"We usually go out on Thursdays, you know, and now I don’t have any vegetables in the house. † â€Å"Then how about some meat, Mrs. Maloney? † asked the grocer. No, I’ve got meat, thanks, I’ve got a nice leg of lamb, from the freezer. † â€Å"Do you want these potatoes, Mrs. Maloney? â€Å"Oh, yes, they’ll be fine. Two pounds, please. † â€Å"Anything else? † The grocer turned his head to one side, lo oking at her. â€Å"How about dessert? What are you going to give him for dessert? How about a nice piece of cake? I know he likes cake. † â€Å"Perfect,† she said. â€Å"He loves it. † And when she had bought and paid for everything, she gave her brightest smile and said, â€Å"Thank you, Sam. Good night. † And now, she told herself as she hurried back home, she was returning to her husband and he was waiting for his supper. She had to cook it well and make it taste as good as possible, because the poor man was tired; and if she found anything unusual or terrible when she got home, then it would be a shock and she would have to react with grief and horror. Of course, she was not expecting to find anything unusual at home. She was just going home with the vegetables on Thursday evening to cook dinner for husband. That’s the way, she told herself. Do everything normally. Keep things absolutely natural and there’ll be no need for acting at all. As she entered the kitchen by the back door, she was quietly singing to herself. Patrick! † she called. â€Å"How are you, darling? † She put the package on the table and went into the living room; and when she saw him lying there on the floor, it really was a shock. All the old love for him came back to her, and she ran over to him, knelt down beside him, and began to cry hard. It was easy. No acting was necessary. A few minutes later, she got up and went to the phone. She knew the number of the police station, and when the man at the other end answered, she cried to him. â€Å"Quick! Come quickly! Patrick’s dead. † â€Å"Who’s speaking? † â€Å"Mrs. Maloney. Mrs. Patrick Maloney. â€Å"Do you mean that Patrick’s dead? † â€Å"I think so, † she cried. â€Å"He’s lying on the floor and I think he’s dead. † â€Å"We’ll be there immediately,† the man said. The car came very quickly, and when she opened the front door, two policemen walked in. She knew them both. She knew nearly all the men at the police station. She fell into Jack Noonan’s arms, crying uncontrollably. He put her gently into a chair. â€Å"Is he dead? † she cried. â€Å"I’m afraid he is. What happened? † In a few words she told her story about going to the grocer and coming back, when she found him on the floor. While she was crying and talking, Noonan found some dried blood on the dead man’s head. He hurried to the phone. Some other men began to arrive — a doctor, two detectives, a police photographer, and a man who knew about fingerprints. The detectives kept asking her a lot of questions. They always treated her kindly. She told them how she’d put the meat into the overn — â€Å"it’s there now†Ã¢â‚¬â€œand how she had gone to the grocer’s for vegetables and how she came back to find him lying on the floor. The two detectives were exceptionally nice to her. They searched the house. Sometimes Jack Noonan spoke to her gently. He told her that her husband had been killed by a blow to the back of the head. They were looking for the weapon. The murderer might have taken it with him, but he might have thrown it away or hidden it. — â€Å"It’s the old story,† he said. â€Å"Get the weapon, and you’ve got the murderer. † Later, one of the detectives sat down beside her. Did she know, he asked, of anything in the house that could have been used as a weapon? Would she look around to see if anything was missing. The search went on. It began to get late — it was nearly nine o’clock. The men searching the rooms were getting tired. â€Å"Jack,† she said, â€Å"Would you like a drink? You must be extremely tired. † â€Å"Well,† he answered. â€Å"It’s not allowed by police rules, but since you’re a friend. † They stood around with drinks in their hands. The detectives were uncomfortable with her and they tried to say cheering things to her. Jack Noonan walked into the kitchen, came out quickly, and said, â€Å"Look, Mrs. Maloney. Did you know that your oven is still on, and the meat is still inside? † â€Å"Oh,† she said. â€Å"So it is! I’d better turn it off. † She returned with tearful eyes. â€Å"Would you do me a favor? Here you all are, all good friends of Patrick’s, and you’re helping to catch the man who killed him. You must be very hungry by now because it’s long past your supper time, and I know that Patrick would never forgive me if I let you stay in the house without offering you anything to eat. Why don’t you eat up the lamb in the oven? † â€Å"I wouldn’t dream of it,† Noonan said. â€Å"Please,† she begged. â€Å"Personally, I couldn’t eat a thing, but it’d be a favor to me if you ate it up. Then you can go on with your work. † The detectives hesitated, but they were hungry, and in the end, they went into the kitchen and helped themselves to supper. The woman stayed where she was and listened to them through the open door. She could hear them speaking among themselves, and their voices were thick because their mouths were full of meat. â€Å"Have some more, Charlie. † â€Å"No, we’d better not finish it. † â€Å"She wants us to finish it. She said we ought to eat it up. † â€Å"That’s a big bar the murderer must have used to hit poor Patrick. The doctor says the back of his head was broken to pieces. â€Å"That’s why the weapon should be easy to find. † â€Å"Exactly what I say. † â€Å"Whoever did it, he can’t carry a weapon that big around with him. â€Å" How to cite Lamb to the Slaughter, Papers Lamb to the Slaughter Free Essays In the short story, Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl uses the literary devices of dramatic irony, foreshadowing, and imagery to depict a dark comedy by grasping the idea of a tragedy becoming humorous. There are multiple uses and examples of irony throughout this short story that relate to the idea of a dark comedy. One key quote of dramatic irony comes from the end of the book stating, Personally, I think its right here on the premises. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb to the Slaughter or any similar topic only for you Order Now ? Probably right under our very noses. What do you think, Jack This quote here shows us as that the detectives have no idea that they are actually eating the evidence of the murder right then and there. We, as the audience, obviously know what is going on and by Mary Maloney chuckling at that statement shows us that Dahl turned something as horrible as murder into something that she laughs at in the end referring to the idea of dark comedy. Verbal irony is also represented in this piece of literature. When she goes to the market, she talks to the grocer and states, ? No, Ive got meat, thanks. I got a nice leg of lam, from the freezer.? (pg. 20) This is verbal irony because it shows that what she is saying is basically telling the grocer what she used for the murder of her husband. The irony here is amusing, knowing the fact that killed the supposed love of her life and can so easily lie about it. So again, the verbal irony really catches the tone of the dark comedy that Dahl is trying to capture here. Both dramatic and verbal irony relate to eac h other in the sense that the audience feels the ideas of a tragedy as something funny therefore, relating back to the overall picture of the piece of literate as a dark comedy in the short story How to cite Lamb to the Slaughter, Essay examples

The Origin of Ideas Essay Example For Students

The Origin of Ideas Essay Webster’s dictionary defines the word idea as 1) something, such as a thought or conception, that potentially or actually exists in the mind as a product of mental activity, 2) an opinion, a conviction, or a principle, 3) a plan, scheme, or method 4) the gist of a specific situation, and 5) a notion. We have a better understanding of these definitions today because of the thoughts and writings of Descartes and John Locke. These two have very different views on the origin of ideas. Descartes is a rationalist, one who uses a method of inquiry that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge, while Locke is an empiricist, one having the attitude that beliefs are to be accepted and acted upon only if they first have been confirmed by actual experience. Their views are opposites, but they both left their mark on the concept and origin of â€Å"the idea†. Locke believes that all our ideas come from experience. The mind has no innate ideas, it has only innate abil ities. Our mind is like a clean white sheet of paper. It is experiences that fill our sheets of paper with characters and symbols (33). Locke also compares our acquisition of ideas to that of a child coming into the world. If the child grew up in a world of black and white he would know nothing (have no ideas) of a world of green or scarlet (35). Our mind can perceive, remember, desire, deliberate, and will. It is these mental activities that are themselves, which along with experience, are the source of most of the ideas we have. Locke also claims that our senses play a major role in creating ideas. The ideas we have due to our senses are called sensation. Without sensation the mind would have nothing to operate on and therefore could have no idea of it operations. A person has to have sensation before they can truly begin to have ideas. The operations of the mind are not produced by sensation, but sensation is required to give the mind material to work on (33-34). Just as sensation is an â€Å"internal sense†, Locke says there is another. This other â€Å"internal sense† he calls reflection. Reflection is the ideas created by the mind while reflecting on its own operations. He says that it is either sensation or reflection, the only two origins, from where ideas are created. External objects furnish the mind with ideas based on our senses (sensation), and the mind furnishes the understanding of ideas based on the operations it carries out (reflection) (34). Descartes has a much different view on the origins of ideas. He believes that people have innate ideas, or instincts that every person is born with. From these innate ideas we must use intellect and reason to form ideas. It is not the senses and experiences that allow us to gain ideas and knowledge, but our mind and the powers within it. Descartes displays this view in meditation two on page 23:â€Å"For since I now know that even bodies are not, properly speaking, perceived by the senses or by the faculty of imagination, but by the intellect alone, and that they are not perceived through their being touched or seen, but only through their being understood, I manifestly know that nothing can be perceived more easily and more evidently than my own mind.† The two opposing views on the origins of ideas by Locke and Descartes reflect their different approaches to philosophy. Locke is an empiricist. He believes that all concepts and knowledge are based on and can only be justified by experiences. Empiricism claims that knowledge derived by reasoning does not exist or is confined to â€Å"analytical truths†, which have no content. This basically says there can be no â€Å"rational† method, and the nature of the world can not be discovered through pure reason or reflection. Descartes is a rationalist. He believes in reason and intellect as the primary source and test of knowledge. Rationalism states that there are beliefs that are justified on thought alone. It is based on mathematics and stresses deductive reasoning over all other methods. Proofs are a popular way of communicating concepts and we see these proofs a lot in Descartes’ meditations. Everything must also have a sufficient reason or that a process must occur within some substance and cannot exist by itself. These beliefs can arise from intellectual intuition, the apprehension of self-evident truth, or from deductive reasoning. Extreme rationalism goes as far to express the belief that pure thinking and reasoning can discover the truths of physical science and even history. I consider myself more on the empiricist side of the spectrum. I believe that experience is the primary source of our ideas. I really like and understand Locke’s argument about the newborn child. If the child is raised in a world of black and white, it will never experience other colors. The child will have no innate ideas of these colors because the child doesn’t ev en know the colors exist. I don’t see how one could use reason and intellect to gain knowledge if there are things they haven’t experienced and therefore don’t know about. I do agree with the rationalist view slightly in one area. Once I have experienced things and have been awakened to new ideas, I have to organize them; otherwise they would make no sense. This is where the rationalist view enters. In order to transform these primitive ideas in to knowledge I have to make connections between my experiences and ideas. This requires intellectual thought and reasoning, the basis for the rationalist view. .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 , .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .postImageUrl , .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 , .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:hover , .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:visited , .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:active { border:0!important; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:active , .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2 .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5c0f30373a26e95863712934e64dc0b2:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Great Gatsby8 EssayExperience? Reasoning? How do we develop ideas and become the people we are. Perhaps it is a combination of the two methods. The origin of ideas is a very complex issue. Two great philosophers have opposing views on how an individual from the time of birth develops ideas and transforms them into knowledge. How are we to know which one is correct? Without experience how do we develop ideas about things and without reasoning how do we put the ideas together and make sense of them so we can gain knowledge. We need both of these methods of creating ideas in order gain the most we can. Neither one is totally correct; neither one is totally wrong. It is wh en you combine the two, using as little or as much rationalism/empiricism as one likes to get the true origin of ideas. Bibliography:

Walter Johnson a Pitcher Essay Example For Students

Walter Johnson a Pitcher Essay In the beginning there were players like Ty Cobb who hit .300 for 23 consecutive years, and the flying dutchman Honus Wagner. Pitchers like the christian gentleman Christy Mathewson, and the winningest pitcher in history Cy Young. In the years when the only Yankees were the people in the north and there was an upstart franchise called the American League there was a pitcher, his name was Walter Johnson. Known as the big train because of his high powered fastball which was unequaled in all of baseball Johnson was a poor Kansas farm-hand who became one of the best pitchers baseball has ever been lucky to have ever seen, and he was on one of the worst teams in the history of baseball. We will write a custom essay on Walter Johnson a Pitcher specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Walter Johnson was born in 1887 in a small town called Humboldt,Ks. As a teenager his interests turned from working on a farm to baseball; as he soon found out, he had a natural calling for pitching. As he went to high school he became one of the nations best pitchers and it was just a matter of time before he would be drafted for the majors. He was drafted by the Washington Senators in 1907 for $9. His first year wasnt so good but in his second year he earned the name the big train with an amazing won loss record. Back when Walter pitched they had no Cy Young awards or league MVP awards but if they had, Walter would have won a dozen of each. On a team with a won loss record of around 60 and 94 Walter usually had half of their wins. He would frequently lead the league in wins, E.R.A., and strikeouts, but even the lackluster of the Senetors had some effect on him. In 1916 he had a miniscule E.R.A. of 1.86 but lost 20 games. It was 1924, and by hard work and determination (Johnson went 23-7) the Senators made it to the World Series but, they had to face the powerhouse of the N.Y.Giants with John McGraw at the helm. Johnson had never won a World Series game in his life and it was his dream of being able to do so but he was getting old and he knew this would probably be his last chance to win one. In game one he lost a heart breaker to the Giants ace. He had a no decision in the second game and had only one more chance at his goal and he knew it, in game 7, the series tied 3-3, he came into the game in the 7th with the score tied 3-3 but his team couldnt come up with a run so Johnson, through the 7 and 8th, mowed down hitters, through the 9 he knew he was running on empty and he would probably come out of the game. He then pitched what he thought would be his final World Series inning, the top of the 10th, in the bottem of the 10th with 2 men out and runners at the corners the Washington batter lifted a ba ll into shallow left that droped for a single and Johnson won his only his first and last World Series game and Washingtons only World Series. Johnson retired in 1927 at the age of 40, he had spent 21 years on probably the worst team in baseball and come out the best pitcher ever in the game. He was elected onto the original Hall Of Fame in 1936 with such players as Ty Cobb and Babe Ruth. Walter Perry Johnson died on December 10, 1946 in Washington D.C. in the town were he pitched for 21 years. .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .postImageUrl , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:hover , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:visited , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:active { border:0!important; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:active , .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796 .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc09de3b2b48117fd7b312af274c19796:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Federalism From Its Beginning To The Present Essay2nd in history with 416 winshad 279 losses (27 were lost 1-0 and his team shut out in 65 of his starts.)career E.R.A. of 2.17first in career shutouts with 110led league: 5 times E.R.A, 12 times strikeouts, shut outs 7 times, wins 6 timesElected to original Hall of Fame in 1936.

Slavery in the Roman Republic essays

Slavery in the Roman Republic essays Harshly treated, often to the point of death, the slaves of the Roman Republic led a less than envious life. The slaves were such a repressed and overwrought people, that their only relief came from rebellion or death. The character of slavery under the early Romans was especially brutal in Sicily. Greek historian Diodorus Siculus details the treatment and impact of slavery on the moral character of both slaves and masters. As the Roman Republic expanded, so did the number of slaves. The slaves were most likely prisoners of war from the countries conquered by Rome. Other sources for slavery included criminals, debtors, and those captured by pirates to be sold at the slave market. Slavery was usually an inherited hardship similar to American slavery. Yet, unlike Americas history with slavery, Roman slavery was not the result of racial injustice. A variety of nationalities representing the conquered by Rome made up the slave class. Different attributes of slaves were actually sought at the slave market; ...black Africans and blond Germans were particular favorites. Other factors determining the value of a slave included their demeanor, age, and sex. The slaves of the Roman Republic performed a variety of duties. The slaves catered to the needs of the elite, tended the fields of those of modest fortunes and toiled in the mines of Iberia. For the productiveness of a slave, many Roman masters found a kind hand to be better than a harsh one. But there were also those who thought that the slaves must be harshly treated to perform to the masters expectations. In Sicily, the slave owners subjected the slaves to inhumane treatment on a broad scale. Slaves in Sicily were branded with the mark of their owner upon being purchased at market and were shackled in iron. Sicilian slaves received only a minimal amount of food and clothing to survive. Some slaves being punis...

Modern State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Modern State - Essay Example The concept and framework of the modern state is difficult to define because it involves a combination of historical, economic, political and cultural factors. Historical mythologies and memories are shared, traditional routes of pilgrimage have united the nations of the continent in common religious bonds throughout history, and now they all share the same market (Morphet 517). It is possible to single out the following distinctive features of the modern state: high level of nationalism and multiculturalism, liberal institutions and importance of national culture, integrity and cooperation on the global level. Collective identity and individual freedom are the main characteristics of the modern state 9Richard Stillman II 23). The state is inevitably involved in recognizing and reproducing particular ethno-cultural groups, and so the politicization of cultural identities is, to some extent, inevitable. Modernization liberates people from fixed social roles and traditional identities, and fosters an ideal of autonomous individuality that encourages individuals to prefer choice and mobility over traditional ascriptive identities (Rubin 65). Modernization theorists argued that this ideal of autonomous individuality conflicts with a deep attachment to one's cultural group, particularly in the case of smaller nations or national minorities (Morphet 517). These smaller groups face strong economic and political pressures to assimilate into larger nations, and theorists assumed that the members of these groups would accept this process, rather than fight to maintain their cultural identity at the price of economic well-being or social mobility. To resist assimilation would require an irrational attachment to an 'ascriptive group' identity that was inconsistent with the modern ideal of autonomous individuality (Rubin 75). So there are many ways that government decisions play a crucial role in sustaining national cultures. This is not to say that governments can only promote one societal culture. So nationalist movements by national minorities are not rejecting the dynamic of modernization and nation-building. The modern state accepts the idea that a modern economy and democratic community requires a diffused common culture (Rubin 64). They are simply arguing that they form their own distinct economy and society within the boundaries of the large state. They are arguing that some countries are not nation-states, but are multination states, containing two or more national societies. In this case, "democracy has two aspects, authorial and editorial; democracy is authorial so far as it gives the collective people direct or indirect control of government; democracy is editorial so far as it gives people, whether in a collective or plural identity, the capacity to challenge government decisions; and as a feature of the plural people editorial democracy may be representative, reactive or regulative in character" (Pettit 527). Many liberal states do not make nationalism per se, but they introduce common use of the term nation and are clearly dedicated to a modern and unified administration, church-state reform, modern education and a liberal constitutional system. For instance, this is based on a general

Furniture and Interiors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Furniture and Interiors - Essay Example Stickley's idea of good furniture was more on the utility side. His kind of furniture was created for everyday use and was quite durable as it was functional. Designer Frank Lloyd Wright an American architect, was in sharp contrast to Stickley because he had a more naturalistic approach combining the use of modern materials with landscape and waterfalls. Frank was credited to have beautifully designed the falling water house in 1936 in Pennsylvania, which stands as a milestone in American arts and craftsmanship. He ensured that there was perfect harmony both from the inside as well as the surrounding environment because he cared both for the human being as well as for nature. Both Stickley and Frank Lloyd believed that wood has to be admired in its most natural form instead of bending, molding them into different shapes. They believed that the dramatic woody patterns of its grains would be emphasized if cut in straight lines.

Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication

Free Space Optical (FSO) Communication INTRODUCTION Free Space Optical (FSO) communication involves the transmission of data through a wireless medium using modulated near infrared light beam (with wavelength between 800 nm-1700 nm) [1] as carrier wave. FSO communication links can be used for satellite-to-satellite cross links [2] [3], up-and-down links between space platforms- aircraft, ships, and other ground platforms, and among mobile and stationary terminals within the atmosphere [3]. Light as a medium of communication is not a recent innovation as it was used in the Roman era, where polished metal plates where used as mirrors to reflect sunlight for long-range signaling. A similar sunlight-powered device was used by the U.S. military to send telegraph information between mountain tops in the early 1800s [4]. Additional optical communication developments occurred during the World War II, and the post-war era experienced further developments in this field fueled by electronic innovations such as the transistors, vacuum tubes and i ntegrated circuits, and most especially the invention of the laser in the early 1960s [1]. The unique characteristics of laser such as its powerful coherent light beam, the possibility of modulating it at high frequency and the low beam divergence has made it the preferred light source for enhanced FSO applications. FSO communication is considered to be one of the key technologies for realizing very-high-speed multi-gigabit-per-second large-capacity communications when fibre optic cable is neither practical nor feasible [4]. FSO communication can be of crucial advantage particularly because of its wireless nature and several applications, making it a viable alternative to the laying of fiber cable underground which is expensive and has environmental consequences. Unlike radio and microwave systems, FSO has higher data rate due to its high carrier frequency, low power requirements, no frequency license required and much smaller packaging [4]. In FSO links, atmospheric turbulence is capable of degrading the wave-front quality of a signal-carrying laser beam, resulting in signal loss at the receiver and thereby impairing the link performance [4],[5]. In addition, fog, snow, rain, dust, smoke and other aerosol particles contribute to the attenuation of the signal-carrying beam and eventual degradation of the FSO link. Several studies have been done on the atmospheric turbulence channels of a FSO system [3], [5]. The real performance measure of an FSO communication system is provided by the binary error probability also referred to as Bit Error Rate (BER).FSO communication involve the use of optical amplifiers either as an optical booster or optical preamplification. Amplification is achieved by stimulated emission of photons from dopant ions in the dopant fibre by using a pump laser as used in Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFA) or electrically as used in semiconductor lasers, due to the excitation of ions from a higher ene rgy state to a lower energy state. The excited ions can also decay spontaneously (spontaneous emission) or even through non-radioactive processes involving interactions with phonons of the glass matrix. These last two decay mechanisms compete with stimulated emission reducing the efficiency of light amplification introducing what is known as the Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise. Digital Pulse Position Modulation (DPPM) with direct-detection is the preferred modulation technique for FSO communication systems because of the lack of dispersion over the free space channel [2] , none requirement of threshold for detection [3] and the complexity associated with phase or frequency modulation [5]. At the moment, the benefits of FSO communications have not been fully exploited, hence more applied researches are needed at the laboratory to help transfer the performance of FSO optical systems into real life applications. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 FSO – PRINCIPLES AND CLASSIFICATION A FSO system consists basically of a transmitter, usually a modulated laser or light emitting diode (LED) which produces light for conveying data through space, and a receiver such as a photodetector which receives close to collimated radiation independent of the transmitter pointing concentrated lens [1]. Other components include beam control optics, collection lens, optical amplifier, solar radiation filters and other electronics [6]. In general, FSO systems can be classified into indoor and outdoor FSO communication [4], [7] based on the distance covered for communication and the absence of environmental effects in the indoor FSO link. The basic operating principles of indoor point to point systems are not different from outdoor communication links but the designs are very different to accommodate various requirements. Some research on transmitter and receiver designs for long-range FSO communication systems, [8] like satellite and atmospheric optical communications, have already been reported, which might be beneficial to short-range systems. Recently, many indoor communication systems employ laser diode as light sources [8]. 2.1.1 INDOOR FSO COMMUNICATION The indoor FSO communication link can be further classified as point and shoot links which are subdivided into infrared data association (IRDA) and retro-reflect links; and networks which have two types namely the diffuse networks and line of sight networks [4],[7]. Indoor FSO applications are confined to short distances; hence it is appropriate to optical FSO systems that use wide divergence beams rather than narrow beams which are suitable for point to point systems. Such systems are sometimes referred to as optical telepoint systems [7]. Due to the fact that indoor FSO systems are not affected by atmospheric effects, the power budget depends solely on the transmitter launch power, free space loss, and receiver sensitivity. As reported in Mahdiraji and Zahedi [9], the use of infrared frequencies for short-range wireless communications has received extensive interest over the decade, and many potential applications of this technology have been suggested. Some of the applications inc lude portable device such as laptop computers, personal digital assistants, and portable telephones. Many indoor communication systems employing infrared LED wireless links have been reported in [7], [9]. Using pure diffuse link, a high speed and power efficient indoor wireless infrared communication using code combining was reported in Majumdar and Ricklin [4], where a multiple transmitter link design was used with a narrow field of view direction diversity receiver. The design goal was to eliminate the effect of inter symbol interference (ISI) so that power efficient signalling schemes such as DPPM can be employed at a very high data rate. A portable transceiver for indoor FSO link was reported by Jiang et al [8] .The system employs a transmitter of eye safe infrared LEDs and a receiver of photodiode arrays with multi channel trans-impedance-summer architecture. The received signal achieved a BER of 10-4 at a plane of 2 m away from the transmitter, even at a point 50 degree off the transmitters vertical axis. The bit rate of the transceiver was up to 40 Mbit/sec in an indoor non-directed infrared FSO link to be extended to 100 Mbit/s using LEDs with higher cut frequency. 2.2.2 OUTDOOR FSO COMMUNICATION Unlike the indoor FSO communication link, the outdoor link covers a long distance over 500 m [7] using the atmosphere as its natural medium of communication. It is unlikely that long distance point-to-point systems will exceed the 4-5 km range due to atmospheric channel degradation. Outdoor point-to-point systems use high power lasers that operate in the Class 3B eye safety band to achieve optimum power link budget, particularly if high bit rate (e.g., 155 Mb/s) is required [7]. In order to achieve an improved power budget, an experiment was carried out by Heatley et al [8] to achieve a trial 155 Mb/s link that cover a 4 km distance between Imperial College and University College London. The aim of the experiment was to minimize the overall propagation loss focussing on the free space loss and the receiver sensitivity as little could be done to reduce the atmospheric losses. A low power laser coupled to an erbium doped fibre amplifier (EDFA) was used as the source; two astronomical t elescopes (Schmidt-Cassegrain, 20 cm aperture) were used at both the source and receiver ends, and an Avalanche photodiode (APD) was used as receiver. The result of the experiment was that the diameter at the receiver was reduced to 0.5 m which corresponds to 8 dB free space loss from a beam diameter of 2 m (20 dB free space loss). The major problem encountered was maintaining the beam alignment which depends on temperature changes. Although the APD receiver is relatively costly, it helped to improve the receiver sensitivity and they are generally used for long distance systems. FSO is well established for intersatellite and deep-space communications [3] but it can also be used in ground-to-space link, Unmanned-Aerial-Vehicle (UAV) to ground link, and among mobile and stationary terminals within the atmosphere [10]. New areas of application include quantum key, traffic and telematics [6]. It has been predicted that FSO can be fruitfully utilized as alternative for last-mile problem [3], [10], [11]. According to Majumdar and Ricklin [4], a group of researchers reported the design and development of acquisition, tracking and pointing subsystem for UAV to ground free space optical communications link. The communication link was developed from a UAV to stationary ground stations located at Wrightwood, California and Maui, Hawaii. The range of the UAV was 50 km. the downlink laser transmitter wavelength was 1550 nm and had power of 200 mW for developing a 2.5 Gbps data rate communication for a BER of 10-9. Furthermore researchers have presented results from exper imental demonstrations using a very lightweight optical wavelength communication without laser in space (LOWCAL) [4] between ground based telescope and a space shuttle. The uplink/downlink established at 852 nm wavelength and 852 nm signal beam. Some of the specifications for the experiment were: range of 640 km, data rate of 10 kbps, telescope diameter of 0.6 m, modular weight of 2-4 kg and retro-reflector area of 70-180 cm2. For the downlink, differential circular polarization keying (DCPK) format was used while Frequency Shift keying was used for the uplink. Both the downlink and uplink achieved a BER 2.2 FSO- TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES Theoretically, the wavelength range of the near infrared electromagnetic spectrum (800 nm and 1700 nm [1]) used in optical communication implies it offers extremely high bandwidth, hereby providing higher data rates compared to other communication media such as the radio (1 mm-100 Mm ) and microwave (1 mm-1 m) systems [1]. Further, this technology requires no spectrum licensing requirements i.e. traffic free bands, no mutual interference between the FSO systems (high spatial selectivity of the beam), no Fresnel Zone requirement and difficult to eavesdrop on transmitted data [4], [6], [10]. The integration of the optical wireless and fibre is a research area been worked on by my many researchers [4]. This integration is possible because the two optical technologies offer high—speed optical bandwidth to meet market needs. They both use the same optical transmission wavelength (800 nm – 1700 nm) [1]. In addition the two optical technologies both share the same system compo nents and can transmit digital information using a range of protocols. The business advantages of FSO communications for network extensions include the reduction of cost incurred on fibre-optic cable and other associated costs, as well as time for deployments [4]. Despite its potentials, FSO communication link is affected by atmospheric attenuation owing to aerosol particles such as fog, haze, rain and snow which causes fluctuations in both the intensity and the phase of the received light signal hereby limiting the availability of FSO for a given transmission range and increasing the systems bit error rate [5]. These includes the fine mode with diameter, less than 2.5  µm, the accumulation mode with particle diameters 0.1  µm  µm and the coarse mode with diameter > 2.5  µm [12]. These particles can grow in size in regions of high humidity, and shrink by evaporation as humidity decreases. The effect of atmospheric aerosols in the channel on laser beam propagation can be determined using the Mie theory which depends critically on wavelength and particle size [13]. The dimensionless size parameter illustrates the nature of the Mie calculation as it gives the relationship between the particle size and radiation wavelength. This is given m athematically in equation 2.1[13] as where is wave number, is particle radius and is particle wavelength. Table 2.1 adapted from Ricklin et al [13] show some sources of aerosol in the atmosphere. Aerosol particles can be classified into three modes based on the diameter of the particles. Table 2.2 adapted from OBrien et al [6] shows the attenuations caused by rain, snow and fog. Table 2.1 Estimates of particles smaller than 20 micron radius emitted into or formed in the atmosphere (106 metric tons/year) (adapted from [13]) *Includes unknown amounts of indirect man-made contributions. Table 2.2 Attenuations caused by rain, snow and fog (adapted from [6]) Extinction is a term which describes the attenuation of a laser beam as it passes through a medium containing atoms, molecules, and particles. As reported in Ricklin et al [13], Goody and Yung defined the fundamental law of extinction as that of Lambert, which states that â€Å"the extinction is linear in both intensity of radiation and in the amount of matter, provided that the physical state (i.e., temperature, pressure, composition) is held constant†. Intensive researches [3], [4], [5], [13] have been conducted on the effects of atmospheric losses, most especially atmospheric scintillation, on FSO communication and some solutions have been proffered to reduce these effects. 2.2.1 PROPAGATION LOSS This atmospheric loss is associated with the distance covered by the laser beam. According to Prokes [12], free space propagation loss can be expressed as shown in equation 2.2 [dB] (2.2) where L is the link path distance, is the beam divergence full angle and is the diameter of transmitting circular aperture. For the Gaussian beam and a sufficiently long link distance ( >>) the additional gain is = 3.7 dB. In Heatley et al [7], it was reported that for a point-to-point system that operate with a slightly diverging beam, the free space propagation loss would be 20 dB whereas in an indoor system using wide angle beam, the free space loss would be 40 dB or more. At very short link distances, the total transmitted power is detected at the receiver because the beam spot diameter at the receiver position is lower than the diameter of the receiver lens [12]. 2.2.2 PHYSICAL OBSTACLES Physical obstructions such as birds, insects, tree limbs, buildings or other factors can temporarily or permanently block the laser line-of-sight [6], [13]. Platform/building motion due to wind, differential heating and cooling, or ground motion over time can result in serious misalignment of fixed-position laser communication systems [13]. Proper planning and site measurements are ways of avoiding this effect [6]. 2.2.3 ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING Molecular absorption process which is wavelength dependent is a major factor in beam attenuation. At wavelengths greater than 1 µm, the effect of molecular extinction can be negligible as atoms couple weakly with electromagnetic field [4]. Furthermore, molecular absorptions at these wavelengths are due to absorption of incident radiation with only minor scattering contributions [4]. Aerosol scattering effect is caused by rain, fog, mist and snow. This effect accounts for the degradation in quality of service experienced during snow, rain, fog and mist as reported in a detailed measurement take by [7] over a period of one year in both rural and urban areas. The results also reported in Heatley et al [7], showed a similar trend but with rather less variability between seasons and higher average attenuations. For many molecules, the absorption spectra have been measured experimentally in the laboratory and the respective extinction ratios of specific molecules have been made available for evaluation [4]. Molecular absorption can be minimized by appropriate selection of the optical wavelength [4]. It has also been suggested in [7] that the attenuation effects due to scattering can be minimized by reducing the link range and/or reducing the optical power budget. The attenuation caused by scattering in decibel scale A10, scat is given by the product of the atmospheric attenuation coefficient ÃŽ ±10, scat and the link distance in kilometres. The mathematical expressions are shown in equations (2.3), (2.4) and (2.5) [12]. [dB/km] (2.3) Where is the particle size distribution coefficient defined as: [dB] (2.5) 2.2.4 ATMOSPHERIC SCINTILLATION Scintillation is caused by solar energy heating up small air pockets inhomogenously, thereby creating varying refractive index along the FSO link [7]. This results in the scattering of laser beams at various angles along the propagation path and a resultant fluctuation in both the intensity and phase of the received light [5], [7].Atmospheric scintillation is less significant at distances less than 500 m [7], [12], but degrades performance of a FSO link at ranges of the order of 1km or longer [5]. The intensity I of an optical wave propagating through turbulent atmosphere is a random variable. The normalized variance of optical wave intensity, referred to as the scintillation index, is defined by equation (2.6) [12] where the angular brackets denote an ensemble average. The scintillation index indicates the strength of intensity fluctuations. For weak fluctuations, it is proportional and, for strong fluctuations, it is inversely proportional to the Rytov variance for a plane which is shown in equation (2.7) [12] where is the refractive-index structure parameter. This parameter is dependent on temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, altitude and wind strength [12]. Beam wander is another occurrence in an atmospheric channel which causes similar effects as atmospheric scintillation. This is characterized by the deflection of the entire laser beam by optical tubules of larger diameter than the beam, resulting in a random movement of the light beam about the target point. Atmospheric scintillation is a major impairment of FSO communications systems, as it can produce large transient dips in the optical signal. It has been studied extensively with various theoretical models already proposed to describe the signal fading [3], [5], [11]. In addition, several communication techniques have been described to mitigate the signal fading effect [5], [6], [12], [13]. In [3], the error performance of terrestrial FSO links were modelled as PPM/Poisson channels in turbulent atmosphere. The scintillation effects were modelled as lognormal for weak turbulence and as exponential for heavy turbulence. In Kiasaleh [11], the performance of a direct-detection, APD-based PPM FSO communication system in atmospheric turbulence was characterized. Here the weak turbulence link was investigated by modelling the received signal as a log-normal random process and also as a negative exponentially distributed received signal intensity. The binary PPM was used as the modulation sch eme for the system. It was assumed that the receiver thermal noise is non-negligible and the average signal intensity was large enough to justify as Gaussian approximation. It was concluded that the performance of the APD-based PPM FSO system was severely affected by turbulence and that the optimum APD gain must be used to avoid excessive APD noise at the receiver. It was also concluded that the negative exponential channel scintillation affected the systems performance with only large signal power capable of influencing the performance. Zhu and Kahn [5] employed the statistical properties of signal fading, as a function of both temporal and spatial coordinates as an approach of mitigating turbulence-induced intensity fluctuation. In spatial domain technique, at least two receivers are used to collect the signal light at different angles. In temporal domain techniques, only one receiver is used. Here signal-by-signal maximum likelihood detector (ML) is used to optimize performance w hen the receiver knows only the marginal statistics of the fading while maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) is used when the receiver knows the temporal correlation of the fading. The investigation showed that BER has greater degradation when the standard deviation of the turbulence induced fading is large. Furthermore, the diversity reception with the two receivers can improve the performance than a single receiver. According to Prokes [12], the receiver lens area causes an integration of various intensities incident on particular parts of the lens. It was reported in [12] that optical scintillations can be reduced by increasing the collection area of the receiver lens. This phenomenon is known as aperture averaging and the aperture averaging factor for a spherical wave is shown in equation (2.8) [12] where is the power scintillation index and is the Rytov variance for the spherical wave. An experiment was carried out by Prokes [12] to investigate the effect of the aperture averaging factor on the power scintillation index using two different refractive index structure parameters for the calculation. The result showed that the influence of both the lens diameter and refractive-index structure parameter on the scintillation level was relatively large. The power link budget of a FSO communication link was given in [12] based on statistical analysis of the atmospheric attenuation. Figure 2.1 shows a power level diagram of FSO deployed at a distance of about 1 km. According to figure 1, the total received optical power, was given by Prokes [12] in equation (2.9) as where is the mean optical power of a laser diode, includes the coupling loss between the laser and the transmitter lens and the attenuation loss in the lens, is the beam attenuation due to propagation loss, includes random losses caused by atmospheric phenomena (scattering and turbulence), and represents the coupling lens between the receiver lens and photodiode and the attenuation and reflection at the lens. 2.2.5 AMPLIFIED SPONTANEOUS EMISSION (ASE) Optical amplifiers are important components in communication links, as they are used to boost output power levels in the order of one Watt and higher. Due to the atmosphere medium used in FSO, only optical booster and pre-amplification schemes can be used [14]. Apart from the desired optical signal amplification, the optical booster amplifier constitutes a source of background radiation that can exceed the background radiation from the sun. This radiation is called amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). The ASE power spectral density is represented in equation (2.10) [14] as where is one photon energy, denotes the optical amplifier gain, and is the amplifiers noise figure which ideally should be 3 dB. Equation (2.10) is valid for a single spatial mode (including polarization modes); in multimode applications has to be multiplied by the number of emitted modes to arrive at the total ASE power spectral density [14]. The effect of ASE radiation in optical booster and preamplification in FSO communication link was investigated by [14] using on/off keying (OOK) as the modulation technique. In the case of the booster amplifier, considering the fact that the maximum on-axis gain of a central unobscured optical transmit antenna with respect to an isolator radiator equals where is the diameter of the telescope optics and is the optical transmit wavelength .The value 0.81 is the optimum value of the fraction of incident power that can be coupled to an optical fibre from an incident plane wave. On inserting into equation (2.10), the ASE power spectral density generated by the booster amplifier and coupled to the receiver is given in equation (2.11) [14] as [W/Hz] (2.11) where is the transmitter gain, is the transmitter noise figure and and are the transmitter and receiver telescope diameter respectively. Also the signal power coupled to the receiver was given in equation (2.12) [14] as [W] (2.12) where is the transmit optical power at the output of the booster amplifier. Figure 2.2 [14] shows the general setup of an optically boosted FSO system. Modulated TX data Optical Receiver Optical booster amplifier GTX, FTX Telescope optics DTX Amplified data signal transmit booster ASE DRX R Using Erbium-doped booster amplifiers with specifications, telescope diameters, and a communication distance of , Winzer et al [14] arrived at which is of the order of the magnitude of the background radiation per mode produced by the sun. It also was reported that the booster ASE constitutes the dominating background radiation term up to communication distances of 600 000 km. In the optically preamplified FSO communication system, (see Figure 2.3) the received signal passes through polarization filter and optical bandpass which reduces the detected preamplifier ASE power. The preamplification introduces additional noise terms such as the shot noise, ASE-shot beat noise, signal-background beat noise, signal-ASE beat noise, background-preamplifier ASE beat noise, background-background beat noise and the ASE-ASE beat noise. It was reported by Winzer et al [14] that up to a link distance of 1000 km the beating of the signal and the transmit booster ASE dominates all other noise terms, c ausing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) to become independent of R. The communication quality does not in this case increase with decreasing communication distance. It was thus concluded that the optical booster ASE has significant impact on the performance of a FSO communication link, especially at short link distances [14]. Optical preamplifier POL- filter (optional) Optical bandpass Decision logic RX data In Winzer et al [14], the use of the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) system (see figure 2.4) to reduce the optical booster ASE at the receiver was presented. The proposed patent-pending PAT system eliminates the need for the using separate power or hardware for beacon lasers, taking care of alignment procedures between the beacon-laser and the transmit or receive telescopes, and splitting off a certain fraction of the information carrying data signal for PAT purposes [14].The booster ASE is applicable to the PAT system because the ASE spectrum exceeds that of the data signal by orders of magnitude and also the ASE has the same spatial modes as the data signal. Figure 2.4 The PAT system retrieving pointing/tracking information from ASE emitted by the booster amplifier at the transmitter [14] Phillips et al[2] carried out an analysis of the optically preamplified intersatellite pulse position modulation (PPM) receiver employing maximum likelihood detection (MLD) using Gaussian approximation (GA) and Chernoff bound (CB) techniques. The results from the calculations carried out at a wavelength of and bit rate of 25 Mb/s showed that this mentioned receiver configuration is approximately 1.5 dB more sensitive than the optically preamplified OOK non-return-to zero (NRZ) signalling. This method is proposed to have future implementation in future laser intersatellite communication systems. This paper has been reviewed in my report, with special interest in the BER evaluation. 2.2.6 EYE SAFETY FSO systems involve the emission of high power optical power which can be unsafe, especially if operated incorrectly [7]. As a result of this, laser safety standards have been established and classified based on the amount of power emitted by the transmitter source. Table 2.3 (adapted from [7]) summarizes the principal classifications. Table 2.3 Laser safety classifications for point-to-source emitter (adapted from [7]) 650 nm (visible) 880 nm (infrared) 1310 nm (infrared) 1550 nm (infrared)

Annotation of the Children of Hurin

The purpose of this essay is to be a book review, and an analysis of the writing as a whole. It has been said that this is Tolkien’s darkest work, which goes along with the theme of Darkness and Wickedness throughout the book. Tolkien’s time period, religion, and upbringing have shaped his works; including this one. Quote â€Å"he can make one feel the darkness and wickedness, and its insidious nature as it silently seeps into human hearts and minds, which alters their behavior leading to human demise. This is very true in The Children of Hurin; there are characters that because of their wickedness that is inside, or cast upon them end up perishing due to their choices and behaviors. I do not necessarily agree with Witherington that human pride goes before the fall, and it makes us vulnerable to powers of darkness. I do not understand the connection of how pride can cause vulnerability to the darkness. If someone is prideful then they may not take heed to others advice and counsel, but that doesn't necessarily mean that it will cause them to fall into darkness easier than someone who isn't.The protagonist Turin sets out on his journey in a world that is occupied with evil and wickedness. So far Turin hasn't fallen into obscurity and evil ways and he has a lot of pride in this story. What is personally interesting to me in this essay is Witherington’s correlation of â€Å"Tolkien's use of the motif of the creeping darkness of evil which falls upon the realm owes more to the Biblical notion of the effects of the Fall than to Norse lore. †

Corruption Is a Curse Essay

Corruption is a curse The act of taking some kind of advantage through an immoral way is corruption. It is one of the most serious social problems of Bangladesh. Because, corruption has become the policy of some people in our society. From the highest level of the public administration to the grass-root level, every level of the society has been polluted by corruption. The national development is hindered and the wheel of progress is caught up by corruption. It is a matter of shame for us that Transparency International by means of survey has recently ranked Bangladesh among the ten most corrupt countries of the world for five consecutive years. The spread of corruption is visible in every level of our society. Misappropriation of bank loans by the borrowers, illegal occupation of public property, misappropriation of relief goods such as tin, food, clothes, stealing of electricity, water and gas, income tax fraud, operating fake company and deceive the unemployed, smuggling, black marketing, share market fraud, employment of unqualified persons through bribery, leaking of public examination test papers for money, bribing the judge to influence the judgment, selling and buying of fake educational certificates, bribing the police for not arresting a criminal are some examples of corruption in our society. People are losing their faith 1 in moral values and righteousness. The common people are stricken with corruption in their every day life. Corruption has polluted our politics, economics, education, administration, the department of justice. Extortion of common people with political power has become very common incident. Corruption is the main obstacle to the development of Bangladesh. Corruption has faded the success earned through the toil of the mass people. Development of the country is hindered by immoral acts of political leaders and their indulgence to the corrupt party members. They are plundering the national assets. We all have our contribution to the creation of this prevailing situation which is now making us suffer. Dishonest persons came to power through our support and our vote. We failed to support and vote honest persons in the political process. 2

The Cyber Warfare Struggle Of The Technological Era

Nick Colosimo Mr. O’Connor AP English IV 20 January 2014 The Cyber Warfare Struggle The widespread lack of trust that arose during the rise of the technological era was seen as mere paranoia. As the computer age advanced, this distrust decreased as more and more people became reliant upon computers and cell phones whether at work or at home. Along with this increase in reliance on technology came the increase in security and monitoring by the federal government. Mostly by the National Security Agency, this monitoring was very modest and seemed to be preventing harm. That is until our â€Å"computer wizards† (Hosenball) wised up to what they were actually doing. In monitoring the average person’s usage, they hacked into a general database of everyone’s information. The question was â€Å"If they could get into the database, what stopped anyone who had the technological capabilities.† Hosenball said regarding those computer wizards, â€Å"They know more than anyone just how vulnerable America is to a massive c yber attack.† The system itself is not the problem. The real problem is that the government is tripping over itself in trying to protect that system. President Obama has decided to leave the NSA in charge of cyber security when they don’t want that responsibility. Quoted in â€Å"The Turf War†, â€Å"NSA Chief Keith Alexander said his agency does â€Å"not want to run cyber security for the U.S. Government.†Ã¢â‚¬  The formation of a new agency could be the answer but that has been turned down severalShow MoreRelatedThe Delivery Of Law Enforcement907 Words   |  4 PagesLaw enforcement agencies could face severe budget cuts if the nation’s economy struggles and local tax revenues drop. The consequences of spending cuts may cost layoffs, reduced services, shuttered public facilities and badly needed infrastructure improvements pushed back even further (Tameez, 2014). The delivery of law enforcement services will fundamentally change as a result of severe budget cuts. Hundreds of officers in a single police department could be laid off, which means there will be fewerRead MoreWhat business and social problems does data center power consumption cause?4093 Words   |  17 Pagesis due to convenience (Chigona, 2012).Employees can check their email without having to login to different systems. The employee is also familiar with the Smartphone, this will allow for higher production. Some disadvantages are security risk and cyber slacking. According to Mahesh and Hooter (2013): â€Å"The challenge facing the business network manager is the need to securely manage company data on that device and in transit between the device and the corporate IT system. The device itself must beRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagespoints both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political revolutions of the lateRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesWider systemic transformations including changes in political regimes, novel conceptions of management controls, the impact of globalizing forces on commercial aVairs, shifts in notions of eVective knowledge management, governance, and ethics, and technological advances, including the rise of broadband, have all impacted management accounting endeavours. The Weld is today, as fast-changing as it has ever been. This book captures key facets of current thoughts, concerns, and issues in management accounting